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Mission-type tactics
Mission-type tactics ((ドイツ語:Auftragstaktik), from ''Auftrag'' and ''Taktik''; also known as Mission Command in the US and UK), have (arguably) been a central component of the tactics of German armed forces since the 19th century. The term ''Auftragstaktik'' was coined by opponents of the development of mission-type tactics. Opponents of the implementation of mission-type tactics were called ''Normaltaktiker''. In today's German army, the Bundeswehr, the term ''Auftragstaktik'' is considered an incorrect characterization of the concept; instead, ''Führen mit Auftrag'' ("leading by mission") is officially used, but the older, unofficial term is more widespread.
In mission-type tactics, the military commander gives subordinate leaders a clearly defined goal (the mission), the forces needed to accomplish that goal and a time frame within which the goal must be reached. The subordinate leaders then implement the order independently. The subordinate leader is given, to a large extent, the planning initiative and a freedom in execution which allows a high degree of flexibility at the Operational and Tactical levels of command. Mission-type Orders free the higher leadership from tactical details.
For the success of the mission-type tactics it is especially important that the subordinate leaders understand the intent of the orders and are given proper guidance and that they are trained so they can act independently. The success of the doctrine rests upon the recipient of orders understanding the intent of the issuer and acting to achieve the goal even if their actions violate other guidance or orders they have received. Taking the risks of violating other previously expressed limitations as a routine step to achieving a mission is a behaviour most easily sustained in a particular type of innovative culture. That culture is today often associated with elite units and not a whole army.
== Etymology ==
In translation to English, the German word (which is not, nor ever has been, part of the official German military lexicon) loses some of its impact. It does not describe a set of tactics per se; it is certainly not limited to the tactical level of operations, nor is it a method of leadership, but it does encapsulate a style of command: ''Tactics focused on accomplishing the task/mission'' as opposed to ''Befehlstaktik'', i.e. ''Tactics focused on executing a set of orders''. Direct orders are an exception in the German armed forces, while "tasks" are the standard instrument of leadership from high command down to squad level.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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